Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are Gram-negative bacteria.Ĭlinically, Gram stain categorization helps choose medications and identify diseases. Gram-negative bacteria cause urinary, gastrointestinal, and respiratory illnesses. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. Gram-positive bacteria cause skin, soft tissue, and respiratory infections. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have different biological and clinical traits due to structural differences. The outer membrane also protects Gram-negative bacteria from drugs and the immune system, making them more resistant. Porins help Gram-negative bacteria absorb nutrients and expel toxins. LPS, phospholipids, and proteins in this outer membrane protect against host defenses and make them pathogenic. Gram-negative bacteria have a weaker peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that does not retain a crystal violet stain. Penicillin targets the peptidoglycan layer, making these bacteria more vulnerable to it. Gram-positive bacteria may also have teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, or polysaccharides, which increase antigenicity and host tissue adhesion. This layer shields and supports the bacterial cell. Gram-positive bacteria’s thick peptidoglycan coating preserves crystal violet stains. Based on cell wall composition and structure, the stain’s retention or disappearance classifies bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Bacterial cells are stained with crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol decolorization, and safranin counterstaining. The Gram stain technique, created by Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram in the late 19th century, revolutionized microbiology by quickly and accurately distinguishing microorganisms. Understanding their behavior, pathogenicity, and antibiotic response requires understanding the major distinctions between these two groups. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are classified here. A Gram stain-based categorization of bacterial species has revealed their structural and functional traits. Bacteria, the most common and diverse creatures on Earth, impact ecosystems both positively and negatively.
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